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History of the firearm
(詳細はChina during the 13th century AD, after the Chinese invented gunpowder during the 9th century AD. These inventions were later transmitted to the Middle East, Africa, and Europe. The world's first firearm in history was the fire lance, the prototype of the gun. The fire lance was invented in China during the 10th century and it is the predecessor of all firearms.
==Firearms in China==
The direct ancestor of the firearm is the fire lance, a black-powder–filled tube attached to the end of a spear and used as a flamethrower (not to be confused with the Byzantine flamethrower); shrapnel was sometimes placed in the barrel so that it would fly out together with the flames.〔 The earliest depiction of a gunpowder weapon is the illustration of a fire-lance on a mid-12th century silk banner from Dunhuang. The ''De'an Shoucheng Lu'', an account of the siege of De'an in 1132, records that Song forces used fire-lances against the Jurchens.
The proportion of saltpeter in the propellant was increased to maximise its explosive power.〔 To better withstand that explosive power, the paper and bamboo of which fire-lance barrels were originally made came to be replaced by metal.〔 And to take full advantage of that power, the shrapnel came to be replaced by projectiles whose size and shape filled the barrel more closely.〔 With this, the three basic features of the gun emerged: a barrel made of metal, high-nitrate gunpowder, and a projectile which totally occludes the muzzle so that the powder charge exerts its full potential in propellant effect.
The earliest depiction of a gun is a sculpture from a cave in Sichuan dating to the 12th century of a figure carrying a vase-shaped bombard with flames and a cannonball coming out of it. The oldest surviving gun, made of bronze, has been dated to 1288 because it was discovered at a site in modern-day Acheng District where the ''Yuan Shi'' records that battles were fought at that time; Li Ting, a military commander of Jurchen descent, led foot-soldiers armed with guns—including a Korean brigade—in battle to suppress the rebellion of the Christian Mongol prince Nayan.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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